Nowadays herbs are increasingly being used worldwide as therapeutic agents or in collaboration with minerals and vitamins in health supplements, teas etc. There are many advantages of herbalism over modern or conventional medicine such as the herbal/traditional systems of medicine causes lesser side effects than modern medicine; herbal medicine along with lifestyle modification enhances its potency by assisting and boosting the inborn self-healing mechanisms of the patient. Thus, the chronic disorder is not only cured but the possibilities of its recurrence are highly reduced. However, despite having great in-vitro potential, herbs or herbal extracts have demonstrated very less in-vivo activity due to insufficient lipid solubility and irregular molecular size. Thus, this led to poor absorption and poor bioavailability. With the advancement in science and technology, several trials are undergone to enhance the bioavailability of drugs via novel drug delivery systems such as microspheres, nanoparticles, liposomes, transferosomes, lipid-based systems, etc. Besides these novel approaches, there are certain compounds that exist in nature that are found to exhibit enhanced bioavailability rate such as piperine, curcumin, naringin, quercetin, genistein, etc. The objective of this review is to throw light on bioavailability enhancing effects of these natural bioenhancers of herbal origin, their characteristic features and mechanisms of action.

Dragon fruit (Hylocereus costaricensis (F.A.C Weber) Britton & Rose) contains bioactive substances that are beneficial to the body, including antioxidants. This study aims to determine the levels of vitamin B3 in red dragon fruit (Hylocereus costaricensis (F.A.C Weber) Britton & Rose) using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Red dragon fruit is taken from Kamang Magek District, Agam Regency, West Sumatra. Red dragon fruit samples (Hylocereus costaricensis (F.A.C Weber) Britton & Rose) were extracted by maceration. Then the sample extract was added with 5M NaOH and HCl and analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography using methanol and phosphate buffers (10:90) as the mobile phase against UV light at a wavelength of 261 nm. The results showed that the mean level of Vitamin B3 from (Hylocereus costaricensis (F.A.C Weber) Britton & Rose) was 0.0173465 mg with a detection limit of 0.515 ?g /mL and a limit of quantization of 1.7190 ?g / mL.

PRADER LABHART WILLI SYNDROM also known as Prader Willi Syndrome is an inbred genetic syndrome caused due to a lack in the expression of chromosome number 15q11.2-q13. It is followed by psychiatric, endocrinal, neurological as well as cognitive disturbances. Epidemiological data states that it is a rare syndrome affecting 1/15000-1/30000 population. Its major symptoms are hypotonia; which causes poor feeding and nourishment, hypogonadism which is characterized by underdeveloped pubertal development and gonads, adrenal insufficiency caused due to hypothalamic dysfunctions, hyperphagia and obesity caused by overeating, short stature, irresistible traits, and temper tantrums usually seen in the patients suffering from Prader Willi syndrome. Management of the syndrome by utilization of human growth hormone, continuous positive airways pressure, and Tube Feeding would help the patient in relieving the related symptoms.

Faced with the global coronavirus pandemic, pregnant women are part of the category of so-called fragile people. To date, there is little data to assess their sensitivity to the COVID-19 coronavirus. But it is known that pregnant women undergo immunological and physiological changes that can make them more sensitive and at greater risk of complications from viral respiratory infections. This was the case with previous episodes of coronavirus infections (Sars-CoV at the origin of the SARS epidemic in 2003 or MERS-Cov) 1 or other respiratory viral infections such as influenza or whooping cough , two diseases against which pregnant women must be vaccinated 2.

Background: Epidural analgesia (EA) is an effective and safe approach in postoperative pain management performed widely with rare complications and high treatment outcome satisfaction. This literature presents epidural analgesia in postoperative acute pain service (APS), hence provides an epidemiological database and describes current trends in anesthetic practice predominantly in our hospital. Methods: We performed retrospective analyses of all postoperative subjects with EA at Sanglah Public General Hospital Bali between April 2017 to 2018. The parameters being evaluated were baseline characteristic, diagnosis, type of surgery, anesthetic technique, drugs used in EA, multimodal analgesia used accompanying EA, duration of EA, as well as diagnosis categories, which divided into gastrointestinal, genitourinary, lower extremity, obstetrics-gynecology, spine, and thoracic. Results: A total of 460 subjects were given postoperative EA, with slight female predominance (50.9%), mean age 51.6 years old. The majority of EA was done in lower extremity procedures (51.9%), with femur fracture was the most common diagnosis (n=105). The combination of local anesthetic and morphine was the most common drugs used in EA (92.8%). For 86% of subjects received multimodal analgesia instead of using EA only. Paracetamol and EA were accounted for 312 subjects, while others used NSAIDs or opioids. The mean duration of postoperative EA was three days, with a significant correlation between diagnosis and duration of EA p= 0.036. LA and morphine were the combination of choice for gastrointestinal, spine, and thoracotomy procedures p=0.005 (p <0.05). Conclusion: This one-year statistical analysis reveals that EA is applicable in many different procedures while demonstrating the use of multimodal analgesia in our hospitals APS.

Drug-induced nephrotoxicity is increasingly recognized as a significant contributor to acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease. Acute kidney injury is a very common diagnosis, present in up to 60% of critical patients, and its third main cause is drug toxicity. Systematic and quantitative studies of nephrotoxicity have become increasingly important due to rising concerns of drug induced nephrotoxicity. Drugs frequently interact with more than one target, with hundreds of these targets linked to the side effects of clinically used therapeutics. This is based on the hypothesize that drugs with same side effects are likely to have similar targets (Zhang et al., 2017). Developing a computational model to predict drug induced nephrotoxicity will provide a screening tool for nephrotoxicity thereby minimizing the number of nephrotoxic drugs released to the market. The study was aimed at exploring the various molecular and structural mechanisms for drug induced nephrotoxicity using computer simulation techniques; pharmacophore studies, PASSONLINE target identification and molecular docking simulation techniques. Hydrogen bond donor and hydrogen bond acceptor were the features common to nephrotoxic drugs, kidney injury molecule 1, neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin and type IV collagen were the common nephrotoxic targets. The nephrotoxic drugs demonstrated excellent binding affinities against the common targets and superimpose with each other and the co-crystalized ligand in the active pocket of each of the targets. These findings imply that nephrotoxic drugs potentiate the effects of these targets and might be molecular mechanism responsible for the nephrotoxicity associated with drugs.

Objective: The chronic autoimmune disease affecting the joints that are characterized by a progressive symmetric inflammation of affected joints resulting in cartilage destruction, bone erosion, and disability has been called Rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The aim of this study is to the assessment of FAS and lipid profiles in Iraqi patients with RA. Methods: In the current study, the demographic characteristics of the 90 studied subjects, 45 patients with RA, and 45 control subjects. Results: The result showed statically significance for increased cholesterol, and LDL in the study group (p-value<0.0001,<0.001 respectively ), while HDL was found to be significant decrease (p-value< 0.001) and non-significant for TG, VLDL (p-value 0.1,0.09 respectively). The current study concludes that there is a significant difference in the level of the fatty acid synthase FAS enzyme between the patients (0.93 ± 0.53) and control group (0.74 ± 0.45), p-value (0.001) where the patients group has a higher level of the fatty acid synthase than the control group. This study conducted that there is a significant difference in the level of the IL-17A levels (pg/ml) between the patients (166 ± 13) and control group (87 ± 5), p-value (0.001) where the patients group has a higher level of the IL-17A than the control group. Conclusion: Assessment of both FAS and IL-17A may be given as an appropriate and useful method for diagnosis and following with patients with RA.

Considering the importance of G. duodenalis to public health and the countrys economic situation due to the threat of an outbreak and economic losses . Thus, this study aimed to detect G. duodenalis in human in Babylon province using traditional and molecular techniques. This study was conducted in Babelon province from 1st of Oct 2022 to 30th of March 2023. A total of 100 human stool samples were examined microscopically for detecion of G. duodenalis from both diarrheal and non diarrheal patients attend hospitals and public health centers laboratories . By using microscopic examination. The rate of infection with G.duodenalis was 34/100 (34%). According to sex, the highest infection rate in humans was in males 19/51(37.25%) compared to females 15/49 (30,61%). Significant differences (P=0.05) was recorded in the rate of infection between age groups, the highest rate 17/29 (58.62% ) observed in (5-14 years) of human. Rural area revealed the highest rate of infection than urban area in human 24/55 (43.63%) with significant differences (P=0.05). The highest infection rate in humans 10/17 (58.82%) was in November with no statistically significant differences (P=0.05). In molecular diagnosis, DNA extraction was performed for 40 stool samples human, in order to investigate the genotypes of G. duodenalis from human in Babylon, seven Giardia isolates. were genetically characterized by SSU-rDNA gene sequencing. The results showed the percent of assemblage A was 5/7 (71.4%), while assemblage B was 2/7 (28.6%). These findings suggested that infection of humans by zoonotic genotypes A and B were the most common genotypes detected in all human samples in Babylon province, demonstrating the importance of genotyping identification in understanding the transmission routes and epidemiology of giardiasis.

The liver, kidney, and thyroid glands are main vital in biochemical and physiological activities in animals and humans. In this study, we examined the effects of adding selenium supplementation on the improvement activity of many glands such as the liver, kidney, and thyroid after cadmium chloride administration (induced toxicity) in male rabbits. This study included 16 male rabbits divided into four groups, the 1st group (CON) was control and administration normal fed and drinking water, the 2nd group (NC ) was negative control group that administration of 1ml of cadmium chloride (100ppm) with normal fed, the 3rd group (S1) was administration of 1ml of sodium selenite, and 4th group (S2) was administration of 5ml of selenium and all groups continuous for same style up to 8th week of experiment. Antioxidant and oxidative stress status was investigated by measuring the levels of T-AOC and MDA. The liver was assessed by estimation of ALT, AST, TP, and TB while kidney was assessed by calculation of blood CRI and UR and the thyroid gland assessed by measurement of serum T3 and T4. The levels of selenoprotein (SeP) mg/l were assessed by HPLC for standard and S2 group. The results of present study shows highly statistical differences between four group when compare the mean±SD of the levels of ALT,AST,TP,TB,CRI,UR,T3, and T4 (p-value <0.005). In conclusion, this study showing highly ability of selenium supplementation to lowering the levels of the markers of liver, kidney, and thyroid gland and work as protective factor from toxicity induced by cadmium in male rabbits.

This study was conducted in the province of Babylon to evaluate various biochemical alterations in patients who had contracted the coronavirus SARS-2. Between October 2021 and March 2022, thirty patients with the coronavirus SARS-2 who were admitted to hospitals in the province of Babylon ranged in age from 20 to 40. Additionally, fifteen healthy patients between the ages of 20 and 40 served as the control group. In this investigation, biochemical kits provided by the companies Chemistry analyzer smar_150 and Fuji film chemistry analyzer were used to evaluate GOT, GPT, ALP, LDH, CPK, Na, and Cl in the serum of patients and control groups. Two categories of these parameters are measured. The findings of the current study indicate that while there were no significant differences in GPT, there were substantial increases in GOT, ALP,LDH, and CPK in patients compared to the control group, as well as a significant difference in calcium, sodium, and potassium concentration between patients and controls.

There are many drugs including both plant and mineral origin, which cannot be utilized directly. Even though those drugs are having high therapeutic value, they can be utilized only after following proper Sodhana. Sodhana has a very important role to reduce the toxicity or Teekshanatha of those drugs. But if those drugs are taken accidently or without following Sodhana, it will shows toxic reactions. Prathyoushadas are the drugs which used as antidote in such conditions. In Prayogasamucchaya, Prathyoushadas were explained in Ekadasha Paricchedam under the context of Asudha Bhakshana Chikitsa. Here author had explained Prathyoushada not only for Upavishas but also for some of the plant and mineral origin drugs if consumed without following Sodhana. Hence in this work an attempt is made to review the Prathyoushada explained in Prayogasamucchaya

Acute pharyngitis is a prevalent inflammatory condition primarily caused by viral or bacterial infections. Accurate identification of the causative agent is crucial for appropriate treatment selection. This study aimed to investigate the bacterial profile of patients with tonsillitis admitted to Marjan Teaching Hospital, as well as evaluate the potential psychological impact on affected individuals. Tonsil swabs were collected from male and female patients presenting with symptoms such as fever, dysphagia, swollen lymph nodes and pharyngeal tissues, voice alterations, and vomiting. Customized growth media was utilized for culturing the samples. Out of 250 samples, all exhibited positive bacterial growth (100%). Phenotypic and biochemical analyses were conducted to identify the bacteria. The most prevalent bacterium found was Staphylococcus aureus (40%, or 10 isolates), followed by Bacillus cereus (20%, or 5 isolates), Streptococcus pyogenes (16%, or 4 isolates), Streptococcus viridans (12%, or 3 isolates), Staphylococcus epidermidis (8%, or 2 isolates), and Streptococcus pneumoniae (4%). The results indicated a higher susceptibility to infection among male patients compared to females, particularly within the age range of 6-12 years old. These findings contribute to understanding the etiology of acute pharyngitis and underline the importance of accurate pathogen identification for effective treatment strategies.

Introduction: Smoking has been linked to harmful health impacts on several body organs including the cardiovascular system. Study objectives: The primary goal of the current study is to assess how smoking models affect the level of liver enzymes. Methods: Thirty male albino rats served as the subjects for this experimental study. We used male albino rats (Rattusratas) that were 6–8 weeks old and weighed 50–180 g. Rats were randomly allocated to one of three groups (n = 10): group 1 served as a negative control and was solely exposed to fresh air; group 2 was exposed to the most popular cigarette brands available in Jordan (red LM cigarettes) at a rate of 1 cigarette per rat per day for 30 days. Rats in group 3 were given flavored water pipes for 30 days, once a day for the entire body, after completely burning 20 g of one moassal. The smoking device was digital. LDH, AST, ALT, and liver enzymes were assessed in study groups. The collected data were examined using SPSS version 20. Results: Both exposures to cigarette smoking and water pipe smoking resulted in a considerable rise in liver enzymes. Interesting results showed that quitting smoking restored liver enzymes to levels close to those of the control group. Conclusion: Increased levels of liver enzymes are a sign that smoking causes liver damage, which can be reversed by quitting.